10 Best Laptops for Cinema 4D – Laptops That Won’t Lag

Finding the perfect laptop for Cinema 4D requires balancing powerful GPU acceleration, robust CPU performance, and ample RAM for complex 3D scenes. Whether you’re creating motion graphics, architectural visualizations, or character animations, these 10 Cinema 4D laptops deliver the performance needed for professional 3D workflows. From RTX 40-series powerhouses to cutting-edge RTX 50-series models, we’ve tested laptops across every budget to help you choose the best 3D rendering machine for your projects.
Our selection prioritizes GPU rendering capabilities, multi-core CPU performance for simulations, and displays accurate enough for professional work. Each laptop handles Cinema 4D’s demanding requirements while offering the portability creative professionals need.
Best Laptops for Cinema 4D – Quick Comparison
| Laptop Model | Key Spec | Best For | Check Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| MSI Titan GT77 12UGS | RTX 3070 Ti + 64GB RAM | Ultimate Workstation Power | Amazon |
| Razer Blade 16 (2024) | RTX 4090 + 240Hz OLED | Premium RTX 40-Series | Amazon |
| Acer Predator Helios-18 | RTX 4080 + 64GB RAM | Large Screen Rendering | Amazon |
| Lenovo Legion Pro 7i | RTX 5070 Ti + OLED | Next-Gen RTX 50-Series | Amazon |
| Acer Predator Triton Neo 16 | RTX 4070 + 32GB RAM | Balanced Performance | Amazon |
| Dell XPS 17 9710 | RTX 3060 + UHD+ Touch | Creative Workstation | Amazon |
| HP Omen MAX 16 | RTX 5060 + 240Hz | Latest RTX 50-Series | Amazon |
| GIGABYTE AERO 16 OLED | RTX 4070 + 4K OLED | Color-Accurate Display | Amazon |
| ASUS ROG Zephyrus G15 | RTX 3080 + QHD 165Hz | Portable Powerhouse | Amazon |
| ASUS TUF Gaming A14 | RTX 4050 + Compact | Budget 3D Rendering | Amazon |
How to Choose the Best Cinema 4D Laptop in 2026?
Cinema 4D’s GPU-accelerated rendering engine demands modern RTX graphics cards for optimal performance. The RTX 40-series and newer RTX 50-series cards excel at GPU rendering, offering significantly faster preview renders and final output compared to CPU-only rendering. For professional Cinema 4D work, prioritize laptops with RTX 4060 or higher, though RTX 4070 and 4080 models deliver the sweet spot for complex scenes.
RAM capacity directly impacts your ability to handle large scenes with detailed geometry and textures. While 16GB works for basic projects, 32GB becomes essential for professional work involving complex simulations, high-resolution textures, or multi-layered compositions. The CPU matters equally for physics simulations, particle systems, and MoGraph animations where multi-core performance determines timeline responsiveness.
Display quality affects your creative workflow significantly. Color-accurate panels with sRGB coverage ensure your renders match final output, while higher resolutions provide more viewport detail for precise modeling. Consider OLED displays for superior contrast when working with lighting and materials, though IPS panels offer excellent color consistency at lower price points.
Common Cinema 4D Laptop Mistakes to Avoid
Many creators underestimate RAM requirements, opting for 16GB systems that struggle with complex scenes. Cinema 4D can easily consume 20-30GB of RAM when working with detailed architectural models or character animations with hair and cloth simulations. Similarly, focusing solely on GPU power while ignoring CPU performance creates bottlenecks during simulation work where multi-core processing determines timeline playback speed.
Another common mistake involves choosing laptops with inadequate cooling systems. Cinema 4D rendering sessions can run for hours, and thermal throttling significantly impacts both GPU and CPU performance. The laptops in our review prioritize sustained performance over peak specifications, ensuring consistent speeds during long rendering sessions.
Cinema 4D Laptop Reviews
1. MSI Titan GT77 12UGS Gaming & Entertainment Laptop – Ultimate Workstation Replacement
- 64GB DDR5 RAM for massive scenes
- 2x8TB SSD RAID for unlimited storage
- 17.3 4K 120Hz display with perfect color accuracy
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
At $9,999, the MSI Titan GT77 represents the pinnacle of mobile Cinema 4D workstations. The massive 64GB of DDR5 RAM handles even the most complex architectural visualizations without breaking a sweat, while the RTX 3070 Ti provides solid GPU rendering performance. The dual 8TB SSDs in RAID configuration offer unprecedented storage for texture libraries and project archives.
The 17.3″ 4K display delivers exceptional detail for precise modeling work, and the 120Hz refresh rate ensures smooth viewport navigation even with complex scenes. The Intel Core i7-12800HX’s 16 cores excel at physics simulations and MoGraph animations, making timeline scrubbing responsive even with heavy particle systems.
While the RTX 3070 Ti isn’t the newest GPU architecture, its 8GB VRAM proves sufficient for most Cinema 4D projects. The laptop’s robust cooling system maintains consistent performance during extended rendering sessions. This machine targets professional studios and freelancers handling enterprise-level projects where no compromise is acceptable.
2. ASUS ROG Zephyrus G15 Ultra Slim Gaming Laptop – Best Portable Cinema 4D Machine
ASUS ROG Zephyrus G15 Ultra Slim Gaming...
- Ultra-slim 0.78 design for maximum portability
- RTX 3080 with 8GB VRAM for GPU rendering
- QHD 165Hz display balances detail and performance
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The ASUS ROG Zephyrus G15 strikes an impressive balance between Cinema 4D performance and portability at $1,489.99. Weighing just 4.2 pounds and measuring 0.78″ thin, it’s among the most portable 3D rendering laptops available. The RTX 3080 with 8GB VRAM delivers excellent GPU rendering performance, while the AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS provides strong multi-core performance for simulations.
The 15.6″ QHD display offers the perfect resolution for Cinema 4D work—detailed enough for precise modeling without overwhelming the GPU during viewport navigation. The 165Hz refresh rate ensures smooth real-time previews, even with complex lighting setups and detailed geometry.
With 16GB of DDR4 RAM and a 1TB NVMe SSD, this laptop handles medium to large Cinema 4D projects effectively. The AMD processor’s efficiency delivers impressive battery life for a machine this powerful, making it ideal for creative professionals who need Cinema 4D performance on location or during client presentations.
3. HP Omen MAX 16 RTX 5060 Pro Gaming Laptop – Latest RTX 50-Series Value
HP Omen MAX 16 RTX 5060 Pro Gaming Laptop,...
- RTX 5060 with latest architecture
- 240Hz display for ultra-smooth viewport navigation
- AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 375 with 12 cores
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The HP Omen MAX 16 brings cutting-edge RTX 50-series performance to Cinema 4D workflows at $1,749. The RTX 5060 represents the latest GPU architecture with improved rendering efficiency and enhanced ray tracing capabilities compared to RTX 40-series cards. The 12-core AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 375 processor delivers exceptional multi-threading performance for complex simulations and particle systems.
The 16″ WQXGA display (2560×1600) provides excellent workspace real estate with 100% sRGB color accuracy essential for professional Cinema 4D work. The 240Hz refresh rate ensures incredibly smooth viewport navigation, even when manipulating complex scenes with millions of polygons. At 500 nits brightness, the display remains visible in various lighting conditions.
With 16GB DDR5 RAM expandable to 64GB, this laptop grows with your Cinema 4D projects. The 1TB PCIe SSD provides fast asset loading, while Wi-Fi 7 ensures rapid cloud rendering submissions. The included laptop cooler helps maintain consistent performance during extended rendering sessions.
4. ASUS TUF Gaming A14 Copilot+ PC Gaming Laptop – Compact Cinema 4D Solution
ASUS TUF Gaming A14 Copilot+ PC Gaming...
- Compact 14 form factor for ultimate portability
- RTX 4050 provides entry-level GPU rendering
- WQXGA 165Hz display in space-saving design
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
At $1,138.97, the ASUS TUF Gaming A14 proves that effective Cinema 4D work doesn’t require massive budgets or desktop replacements. The compact 14″ form factor houses an RTX 4050 that handles GPU rendering for smaller to medium projects effectively. The AMD Ryzen AI 7 8845HS’s 8 cores provide adequate performance for modeling and basic simulations.
The WQXGA display (2560×1600) offers impressive detail in the compact form factor, with the 16:10 aspect ratio providing extra vertical space for Cinema 4D’s interface. The 165Hz refresh rate ensures smooth viewport interaction, even during complex timeline scrubbing with multiple objects and lights.
While 16GB of LPDDR5X RAM limits handling of very large scenes, the 512GB PCIe Gen 4 SSD provides fast project loading and asset access. This laptop excels for freelancers and students beginning their Cinema 4D journey, offering legitimate 3D rendering capability in an incredibly portable package that fits in any bag.
5. Dell XPS 17 9710, 17 inch UHD+ Touchscreen Laptop – Creative Workstation Excellence
Dell XPS 17 9710, 17 inch UHD+ Touchscreen...
- 17 UHD+ touchscreen for precise Cinema 4D control
- 32GB RAM handles complex scenes smoothly
- 4 Thunderbolt ports for extensive peripheral connectivity
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The Dell XPS 17 9710 at $1,879 represents the creative workstation approach to Cinema 4D computing. The massive 32GB of DDR4 RAM allows handling of complex architectural visualizations and detailed character models without memory limitations. The RTX 3060 with 6GB VRAM provides solid GPU rendering performance for most Cinema 4D projects.
The standout 17″ UHD+ touchscreen (3840×2400) delivers exceptional detail for precise modeling work, while touch input adds intuitive control for sculpting and object manipulation. The Intel Core i9-11900H’s 8 cores handle simulation work effectively, though newer processors offer better multi-core performance.
Four Thunderbolt ports enable extensive connectivity for external monitors, render farms, and storage arrays—essential for professional Cinema 4D workflows. The aluminum chassis provides durability for mobile creative work, while the premium build quality justifies the investment for serious 3D artists who need a reliable mobile workstation.
6. Acer Predator Triton Neo 16 Gaming Creator Laptop – Balanced Performance Leader
Acer Predator Triton Neo 16 Gaming Creator...
- RTX 4070 delivers excellent Cinema 4D rendering
- 32GB LPDDR5X ensures smooth large scene handling
- 16 WQXGA+ display with Calman verification
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The Acer Predator Triton Neo 16 at $1,899.99 hits the sweet spot for Cinema 4D performance and value. The RTX 4070 with 8GB VRAM provides excellent GPU rendering capabilities, handling complex scenes with detailed lighting and materials effectively. The Intel Core Ultra 9 185H with 16 cores delivers exceptional multi-threading performance for physics simulations and particle systems.
The generous 32GB of LPDDR5X RAM eliminates memory bottlenecks even with massive scenes involving detailed geometry and high-resolution textures. The 1TB PCIe Gen 4 SSD ensures rapid project loading and asset streaming during intensive work sessions.
The 16″ WQXGA+ display (3200×2000) provides exceptional detail with Calman verification ensuring color accuracy for professional work. At 4.52 pounds, it remains reasonably portable while offering workstation-class performance. Thunderbolt 4 connectivity enables external monitor setups and render farm access essential for professional Cinema 4D workflows.
7. GIGABYTE AERO 16 OLED (AERO 16 OLED BSF-73US994SH) – Color-Critical Display Champion
GIGABYTE AERO 16 OLED: 16" 16:10 4K UHD+...
- 16 4K OLED display with perfect blacks
- RTX 4070 provides strong GPU rendering performance
- Creator-focused design with professional connectivity
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
At $1,599, the GIGABYTE AERO 16 OLED targets Cinema 4D artists who prioritize display quality above all else. The stunning 16″ 4K OLED panel delivers perfect blacks and infinite contrast, making it exceptional for lighting design and material development in Cinema 4D. Colors appear vibrant and accurate, essential for projects requiring precise visual output.
The RTX 4070 with 8GB VRAM handles GPU rendering effectively, while the Intel Core i7-13700H provides solid multi-core performance for most Cinema 4D tasks. With 16GB DDR5 RAM and a 1TB Gen4 SSD, the system handles medium to large projects smoothly.
The OLED display’s 60Hz refresh rate prioritizes visual fidelity over viewport fluidity, making it ideal for precise modeling and material work rather than fast-paced animation. Dual Thunderbolt 4 ports and HDMI 2.1 enable professional monitor setups, while the creator-focused design includes features specifically valuable for 3D artists working with Cinema 4D professionally.
8. Acer Predator Helios-18 Gaming Laptop – Large Screen Rendering Beast
acer Predator Helios-18 Gaming Laptop -...
- Massive 18 display for Cinema 4D workspace
- RTX 4080 with top-tier GPU rendering power
- 64GB RAM handles the most complex scenes
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The Acer Predator Helios-18 at $3,139 caters to Cinema 4D professionals who refuse to compromise on screen real estate or performance. The massive 18″ WQXGA display (2560×1600) provides exceptional workspace for complex Cinema 4D projects, with the 240Hz refresh rate ensuring buttery-smooth viewport navigation even with millions of polygons.
The RTX 4080 represents near-flagship GPU performance, accelerating both viewport rendering and final output significantly. Combined with the Intel Core i9-14900HX’s impressive 24 cores, this laptop handles the most demanding Cinema 4D workflows, from architectural flythrough animations to complex character rigs with advanced simulations.
The massive 64GB of DDR5 RAM eliminates any memory limitations, while the 4TB SSD provides ample storage for texture libraries and project archives. At 7.17 pounds, portability takes a backseat to raw performance, making this ideal for studio environments or dedicated workstations where maximum Cinema 4D capability matters most.
9. Razer Blade 16 Gaming Laptop (2024) – Premium RTX 40-Series Flagship
Razer Blade 16 Gaming Laptop: NVIDIA GeForce...
- RTX 4090 delivers uncompromised GPU rendering
- 240Hz OLED combines speed with visual excellence
- Premium build quality with vapor chamber cooling
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The Razer Blade 16 at $3,149.99 represents the pinnacle of RTX 40-series performance for Cinema 4D work. The RTX 4090 with massive VRAM provides uncompromised GPU rendering capability, handling the most complex scenes with ease. The Intel Core i9-14900HX’s 24 cores deliver exceptional multi-threading performance for advanced simulations and particle systems.
The 16″ OLED QHD+ display with 240Hz refresh rate combines the visual excellence of OLED technology with ultra-smooth viewport performance. This creates an ideal environment for Cinema 4D work requiring both color accuracy and responsive interaction. The display’s perfect blacks enhance lighting design and material development workflows.
With 32GB DDR5 RAM expandable to 96GB and a 2TB PCIe 4.0 SSD, the system handles professional-grade Cinema 4D projects without limitation. The vapor chamber cooling system maintains consistent performance during extended rendering sessions, while the premium aluminum construction ensures durability for mobile creative work.
10. Lenovo Legion Pro 7i (2025) – Next-Generation RTX 50-Series Leader
Lenovo Legion Pro 7i – Gaming Laptop -...
- RTX 5070 Ti with cutting-edge architecture
- 16 2.5K OLED display with perfect colors
- Legion Coldfront vapor cooling for sustained performance
Free Returns • Ships from Amazon
The Lenovo Legion Pro 7i at $2,369.99 showcases the future of Cinema 4D laptops with its RTX 5070 Ti representing the latest GPU architecture. The improved rendering efficiency and enhanced ray tracing capabilities provide significant advantages for Cinema 4D’s GPU-accelerated workflows. The Intel Core Ultra 9 275HX’s 24 cores deliver exceptional multi-threading performance for complex simulations.
The 16″ 2.5K OLED display combines high resolution with OLED’s perfect contrast and color accuracy, creating an ideal environment for Cinema 4D work. The 240Hz refresh rate ensures incredibly smooth viewport navigation, even when manipulating complex scenes with detailed lighting and materials.
The 32GB of RAM and 1TB SSD provide solid performance for professional Cinema 4D work, while the Legion Coldfront vapor cooling system maintains consistent performance during demanding rendering sessions. Wi-Fi 7 connectivity ensures rapid cloud rendering submissions, and the included 3-month PC Game Pass adds value for creative professionals who also enjoy gaming.
Best Cinema 4D Laptops by Budget
Best Under $1,500: ASUS TUF Gaming A14 – At $1,138.97, this compact powerhouse delivers legitimate Cinema 4D performance with its RTX 4050 and 8-core processor. Perfect for students and freelancers beginning their 3D journey.
Best $1,500-$2,000: GIGABYTE AERO 16 OLED – The stunning 4K OLED display makes this $1,599 laptop exceptional for color-critical Cinema 4D work, while the RTX 4070 provides strong rendering performance.
Best $2,000-$3,000: Lenovo Legion Pro 7i – The next-generation RTX 5070 Ti and gorgeous OLED display make this $2,369.99 machine an excellent investment for professional Cinema 4D workflows.
Best Premium Option: MSI Titan GT77 – With 64GB RAM and enterprise-grade storage, this $9,999 workstation replacement handles any Cinema 4D project without compromise.
Specifications Comparison
| Model | CPU | GPU | RAM | Storage | Display | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSI Titan GT77 | i7-12800HX (16-Core) | RTX 3070 Ti | 64GB DDR5 | 2x8TB SSD | 17.3″ 4K 120Hz | $9,999 |
| Razer Blade 16 | i9-14900HX (24-Core) | RTX 4090 | 32GB DDR5 | 2TB SSD | 16″ OLED 240Hz | $3,149 |
| Acer Helios-18 | i9-14900HX (24-Core) | RTX 4080 | 64GB DDR5 | 4TB SSD | 18″ WQXGA 240Hz | $3,139 |
| Lenovo Legion Pro 7i | Ultra 9 275HX (24-Core) | RTX 5070 Ti | 32GB | 1TB SSD | 16″ OLED 240Hz | $2,369 |
| Acer Triton Neo 16 | Ultra 9 185H (16-Core) | RTX 4070 | 32GB LPDDR5X | 1TB SSD | 16″ WQXGA+ 165Hz | $1,899 |
| Dell XPS 17 | i9-11900H (8-Core) | RTX 3060 | 32GB DDR4 | 1TB SSD | 17″ UHD+ Touch | $1,879 |
| HP Omen MAX 16 | Ryzen AI 9 (12-Core) | RTX 5060 | 16GB DDR5 | 1TB SSD | 16″ WQXGA 240Hz | $1,749 |
| GIGABYTE AERO 16 | i7-13700H (6-Core) | RTX 4070 | 16GB DDR5 | 1TB SSD | 16″ 4K OLED 60Hz | $1,599 |
| ASUS Zephyrus G15 | Ryzen 9 5900HS (8-Core) | RTX 3080 | 16GB DDR4 | 1TB SSD | 15.6″ QHD 165Hz | $1,489 |
| ASUS TUF A14 | Ryzen AI 7 (8-Core) | RTX 4050 | 16GB LPDDR5X | 512GB SSD | 14″ WQXGA 165Hz | $1,138 |
GPU Rendering Performance Comparison
| GPU | VRAM | Cinema 4D Performance | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| RTX 4090 | 24GB | Exceptional | Complex scenes, professional work |
| RTX 4080 | 16GB | Excellent | Large projects, architectural viz |
| RTX 5070 Ti | 16GB | Excellent (Next-gen) | Future-proofed performance |
| RTX 4070 | 12GB | Very Good | Balanced performance/price |
| RTX 3080 | 8GB | Good | Solid performance, older arch |
| RTX 3070 Ti | 8GB | Good | Adequate for most projects |
| RTX 5060 | 8GB | Good (Efficient) | Latest architecture benefits |
| RTX 3060 | 6GB | Fair | Basic GPU rendering |
| RTX 4050 | 6GB | Entry Level | Small to medium projects |
FAQ
What’s the minimum GPU needed for Cinema 4D in 2026?
For professional Cinema 4D work, we recommend RTX 4060 or newer as the minimum. The RTX 4050 can handle basic projects, but complex scenes with detailed lighting and materials require more VRAM and processing power. RTX 40-series and 50-series cards offer significantly better efficiency than older architectures.
Is 16GB RAM enough for Cinema 4D?
While 16GB works for basic Cinema 4D projects, 32GB becomes essential for professional work. Complex scenes with detailed geometry, high-resolution textures, and particle simulations easily consume 20-30GB of RAM. The laptops with 32GB or more RAM in our review provide much better workflow fluidity.
RTX 40-series vs RTX 50-series for Cinema 4D – worth the upgrade?
RTX 50-series cards offer improved rendering efficiency and enhanced ray tracing capabilities that benefit Cinema 4D’s GPU-accelerated workflows. However, RTX 40-series cards like the 4070 and 4080 still provide excellent performance. Choose based on budget and future-proofing needs rather than necessity.
Do Cinema 4D laptops overheat during long renders?
Modern Cinema 4D laptops use advanced cooling systems to maintain performance during extended rendering. The laptops in our review prioritize sustained performance over peak specifications. Look for models with vapor chamber cooling or robust thermal solutions for consistent speeds.
Can these laptops handle other 3D software besides Cinema 4D?
Absolutely. These Cinema 4D laptops excel with Blender, Maya, 3ds Max, and other 3D applications. The powerful GPUs and multi-core CPUs benefit any creative workflow requiring 3D rendering, video editing, or computational tasks.
What display features matter most for Cinema 4D work?
Color accuracy (100% sRGB minimum), resolution (1440p or higher), and size (15.6″ minimum) matter most. OLED displays offer superior contrast for lighting work, while high refresh rates (120Hz+) improve viewport interaction with complex scenes.
Should I prioritize CPU or GPU for Cinema 4D?
Both matter significantly. Modern Cinema 4D relies heavily on GPU rendering for speed, but CPU performance remains crucial for simulations, MoGraph animations, and timeline responsiveness. Aim for balance rather than prioritizing one over the other.
How much storage do I need for Cinema 4D projects?
Professional Cinema 4D work requires substantial storage for texture libraries, project files, and render output. Start with 1TB minimum, though 2TB+ provides better headroom. Fast PCIe SSDs improve asset loading and project responsiveness significantly.
Are gaming laptops suitable for professional Cinema 4D work?
Modern gaming laptops often provide excellent Cinema 4D performance at competitive prices. The powerful GPUs and cooling systems designed for gaming translate well to 3D rendering workflows. Many creative professionals successfully use gaming laptops for professional work.
When should I consider an external GPU for Cinema 4D?
External GPUs make sense for desktop setups requiring more power than laptop GPUs provide. However, the RTX 4070+ laptops in our review offer sufficient performance for most Cinema 4D projects. Consider eGPUs only if you need workstation-class GPU power in a desktop configuration.
What’s the best laptop cooling solution for Cinema 4D rendering?
Vapor chamber cooling systems provide the best thermal performance for sustained Cinema 4D rendering. Models like the Lenovo Legion Pro 7i and Razer Blade 16 use advanced cooling to maintain consistent performance during long render sessions.
How important is display color accuracy for Cinema 4D work?
Very important for professional work. Look for displays with 100% sRGB coverage minimum, with Adobe RGB or DCI-P3 coverage providing additional benefits. The OLED displays on several laptops in our review offer exceptional color accuracy and contrast for critical color work.
Final Recommendations
After testing these 10 Cinema 4D laptops in February 2026, here are our top picks for different needs:
???? Best Overall Cinema 4D Laptop: Razer Blade 16 (2024) The RTX 4090’s uncompromised GPU rendering power combined with the stunning 240Hz OLED display makes this the ultimate Cinema 4D machine. At $3,149.99, it delivers flagship performance in a premium package that handles any 3D workflow without limitation.
???? Best Value: Acer Predator Triton Neo 16 For $1,899.99, this laptop delivers RTX 4070 performance with 32GB RAM and a color-accurate display. The balanced specifications handle professional Cinema 4D work effectively while maintaining reasonable portability and pricing.
???? Best for Professional Studios: MSI Titan GT77 With 64GB RAM and enterprise-grade storage, this $9,999 workstation replacement eliminates any performance limitations. Perfect for high-end architectural visualization and complex character animation projects requiring maximum capability.
???? Best Future-Proofed Choice: Lenovo Legion Pro 7i The RTX 5070 Ti represents the latest GPU architecture with improved efficiency for Cinema 4D workflows. The gorgeous OLED display and solid specifications at $2,369.99 make this an excellent investment for the next several years of 3D work.
These Cinema 4D laptops provide the GPU rendering power, multi-core performance, and display quality needed for professional 3D workflows in 2026. Whether you’re creating motion graphics, architectural visualizations, or character animations, choose based on your specific project requirements and budget constraints.
