10 Best Sketchbooks for Drawing and Mixed Media (April 2026) Complete Guide

Best Sketchbooks for Drawing and Mixed Media

Finding the right sketchbook can make or break your creative process. After testing dozens of sketchbooks over the years, I’ve discovered that paper quality, paper thickness, paper texture, and acid-free content are what truly matter. Whether you focus on mixed media techniques or simple pencil sketches, these factors will help you choose the perfect companion for your artistic journey.

Our team spent weeks testing different brands, sizes, and binding types to find which works best for different use cases. This guide covers everything from budget-friendly options like Canson XL for beginners to premium picks like Stillman & Birn for professional-grade paper. The result is a comprehensive resource that artists of all levels can trust.

If you’re looking for gifts for artists, a quality sketchbook makes an excellent choice. The right sketchbook handles everything from light watercolor washes to heavy marker work without buckling or bleeding through. Let me walk you through the top options available in 2026.

Top 3 Picks for Best Sketchbooks for Drawing and Mixed Media (April 2026)

EDITOR'S CHOICE
Stillman & Birn Beta Series 8x10

Stillman & Birn...

★★★★★ ★★★★★
4.6 (938)
  • 270gsm heavyweight paper
  • Cold press surface
  • Premium sewn binding
  • Handles heavy washes
BUDGET PICK
String & Space Artist's Sketchbook

String & Space...

★★★★★ ★★★★★
4.8 (3,415)
  • 200GSM thick paper
  • Hardcover protection
  • 5.8x8.5 portable size
  • Spiral binding
As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

Best Sketchbooks for Drawing and Mixed Media in 2026

1. Stillman & Birn Beta Series 8×10 – Editor’s Choice

EDITOR'S CHOICE
Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover...
Pros
  • Handles heavy watercolor washes without buckling
  • Premium U.S. sewn binding lays flat
  • No bleed-through even with 8+ layers of paint
  • Accepts multiple erasures without damage
Cons
  • Higher price point
  • Only 28 sheets per book
  • Softcover may need protection for travel
Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover...
★★★★★ 4.6

270gsm Extra Heavyweight

8x10 inches

28 Sheets

Cold Press Surface

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

Stillman & Birn Beta Series stands out as my top pick for serious mixed media artists. The extra heavyweight 270gsm paper handles everything I throw at it without significant buckling. Watercolor glazes, gouache layers, and ink washes all perform beautifully on this cold press surface.

What sets this sketchbook apart is the double-sized paper construction. The enhanced wet strength means you can apply aggressive techniques without the paper falling apart. I’ve done multiple watercolor glazing sessions in a single sitting without any issues.

Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover Sketchbook, 8

The premium U.S. sewn binding is another highlight. After a brief break-in period, the book opens flat and stays that way. This makes working across two-page spreads much easier than with cheaper alternatives. The same texture on both sides of pages gives you maximum flexibility.

Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover Sketchbook, 8

Best For

This sketchbook excels for watercolor artists, mixed media practitioners, and anyone who needs heavyweight paper that won’t buckle under pressure. Professional artists and serious hobbyists will appreciate the paper quality that allows for advanced techniques like glazing and lifting.

Considerations

The main drawback is the 28-sheet count, which feels limited compared to budget options. Alcohol markers like Copics may bleed through with heavy application. The softcover also requires careful handling during transport if you want it to last.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

2. Canson XL Series Mixed Media 7×10 – Best Value

BEST VALUE
Canson XL Mix Media Pad 7X10
Pros
  • Excellent value with 60 sheets
  • Handles wet and dry media well
  • Acid-free archival quality
  • Trusted brand since 1557
Cons
  • Paper can warp with heavy water application
  • Alcohol markers may bleed through
  • Spiral binding can get in the way
Canson XL Mix Media Pad 7X10
★★★★★ 4.8

160gsm Heavyweight

7x10 inches

60 Sheets

Side Wire Binding

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The Canson XL Series Mixed Media Pad offers incredible value for artists on a budget. With nearly 50,000 reviews and a 4.8-star rating, this sketchbook has earned its reputation as a go-to choice for students and professionals alike. The 160gsm textured paper handles both wet and dry media with confidence.

I particularly appreciate how versatile this pad is for daily practice. The 7×10 inch size fits perfectly in backpacks for art classes or urban sketching sessions. Whether I’m using colored pencils, markers, charcoal, or light watercolor washes, the paper performs consistently well.

Canson XL Series Mixed Media Pad, Side Wire, 7x10 inches, 60 Sheets - Heavyweight Art Paper for Watercolor, Gouache, Marker, Painting, Drawing, Sketching customer photo 1

The side wire binding allows pages to turn smoothly without jamming or tearing. Micro-perforated edges make page removal clean when you want to display or frame your work. At this price point, you get professional-level features without the premium cost.

Canson XL Series Mixed Media Pad, Side Wire, 7x10 inches, 60 Sheets - Heavyweight Art Paper for Watercolor, Gouache, Marker, Painting, Drawing, Sketching customer photo 2

Best For

Students, beginners, and budget-conscious artists will love this pad. It’s perfect for art classes, daily practice, and experimentation. The affordable price makes it easy to work through multiple pads without guilt.

Considerations

Heavy watercolor application will cause the paper to buckle and warp. Taping down the edges helps minimize this issue. Alcohol markers may bleed through with heavy application, so consider using a protective sheet between pages.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

3. String & Space Artist’s Sketchbook – Budget Pick

BUDGET PICK
Artist’s Sketchbook Hardcover – 200GSM...
Pros
  • Exceptionally thick paper prevents bleed-through
  • Hardcover provides durability
  • Compact portable size
  • Versatile for multiple media types
Cons
  • Paper warps with water application
  • Only 40 sheets
  • Graphite may smudge between pages
Artist’s Sketchbook Hardcover – 200GSM...
★★★★★ 4.8

200GSM Very Thick

5.8x8.5 inches

40 Sheets

Hardcover

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The String & Space Artist’s Sketchbook punches above its weight class with 200GSM paper that rivals much more expensive options. This thick paper virtually eliminates bleed-through, making it ideal for artists who work with markers, pens, and mixed media on both sides of the page.

The hardcover design provides excellent protection for your artwork. I’ve tossed this sketchbook in my bag countless times without worrying about damaged pages. The spiral binding allows you to work in landscape or portrait orientation, giving you creative flexibility.

Artist's Sketchbook Hardcover - 200GSM Very Thick Paper - Spiral Sketch Book for Drawing and Mixed Media - Sketch Pad, Art Book - 5.8 x 8.5, 40 Sheets / 80 Pages customer photo 1

At under $10, this sketchbook delivers premium features at a budget price. The textured paper surface helps with shape formation and accepts charcoal, colored pencils, oil pastels, watercolors, pen, and markers with confidence. The black cover can even be customized with colored pencils.

Artist's Sketchbook Hardcover - 200GSM Very Thick Paper - Spiral Sketch Book for Drawing and Mixed Media - Sketch Pad, Art Book - 5.8 x 8.5, 40 Sheets / 80 Pages customer photo 2

Best For

Artists who need thick paper without the premium price tag will appreciate this option. The portable 5.8×8.5 size makes it perfect for travel, urban sketching, and on-the-go creativity. Students and hobbyists get excellent value here.

Considerations

Watercolor applications will cause some warping, though the paper remains durable. Pencil marks may not erase as completely as on smoother papers. Some users report graphite smudging between pages if the book is closed while wet.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

4. Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media 9×12

TOP RATED
Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper Pad,...
Pros
  • Excellent vellum surface texture
  • Made in the USA
  • Micro-perforated for easy removal
  • Acid-free archival paper
Cons
  • Paper warps with watercolor
  • Not suitable for wet-on-wet techniques
  • Alcohol markers may bleed through
Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper…
★★★★★ 4.8

117lb Medium Weight

9x12 inches

40 Sheets

Vellum Surface

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Pad delivers the quality and consistency that artists have trusted for decades. The 117lb vellum surface paper provides the right amount of tooth for graphite and colored pencil work while still accepting wet media like watercolor and gouache.

The 9×12 inch size offers generous drawing space without being unwieldy. I find this format ideal for detailed work, studies, and finished pieces that might end up in a portfolio. The micro-perforated sheets remove cleanly when you need to display your artwork.

Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper Pad, Side Wire Bound, 9x12 inches, 40 Sheets (117lb/190g) - Artist Paper for Adults and Students - Watercolor, Gouache, Graphite, Ink, Pencil, Marker customer photo 1

Made in the USA with acid-free paper, this sketchbook ensures your artwork will last. The spiral binding allows the pad to lay flat, making it comfortable to work across the entire page surface. For daily practice and technique development, this pad is hard to beat.

Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper Pad, Side Wire Bound, 9x12 inches, 40 Sheets (117lb/190g) - Artist Paper for Adults and Students - Watercolor, Gouache, Graphite, Ink, Pencil, Marker customer photo 2

Best For

Artists who work primarily with dry media like graphite, colored pencils, and markers will love the vellum surface. The 9×12 size works well for studio work, art classes, and serious practice sessions where you need room to explore.

Considerations

Watercolor applications will cause the paper to warp, especially with heavy washes. Wet-on-wet techniques are not recommended. Alcohol markers may bleed through to the next page, so use a protective sheet underneath.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

5. Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media 5.5×8.5 – Portable Pick

PORTABLE PICK
Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper Pad,...
Pros
  • Perfect travel size
  • Fits easily in bags
  • Same quality as larger format
  • Made in the USA
Cons
  • Limited drawing space
  • Cover feels flimsy
  • Paper warps with wet media
Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper…
★★★★★ 4.8

117lb Medium Weight

5.5x8.5 inches

40 Sheets

Vellum Surface

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The compact 5.5×8.5 inch version of Strathmore’s 300 Series Mixed Media Pad is perfect for artists on the move. This portable size fits easily into backpacks, purses, and even large pockets, making it ideal for urban sketching, travel journaling, and spontaneous creativity.

Despite the smaller size, you get the same quality 117lb vellum surface paper as the larger formats. The texture accepts graphite beautifully and handles light watercolor washes with confidence. For quick studies and daily practice, this pad is a reliable companion.

Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper Pad, Side Wire Bound, 5.5x8.5 inches, 40 Sheets (117lb/190g) - Artist Paper for Adults and Students - Watercolor, Gouache, Graphite, Ink, Pencil, Marker customer photo 1

The micro-perforated pages allow clean removal when you want to frame or share your work. At around $8-11, this sketchbook offers excellent value for the quality. It’s become my go-to for carrying in my everyday bag.

Strathmore 300 Series Mixed Media Paper Pad, Side Wire Bound, 5.5x8.5 inches, 40 Sheets (117lb/190g) - Artist Paper for Adults and Students - Watercolor, Gouache, Graphite, Ink, Pencil, Marker customer photo 2

Best For

Urban sketchers, travelers, and anyone who wants a quality sketchbook that travels well. The compact size is perfect for quick studies, gesture drawings, and capturing moments on the go.

Considerations

The cover is relatively flimsy compared to hardcover options. If you’re rough on your supplies, consider adding a protective cover. Heavy watercolor application will cause warping, so stick to light washes.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

6. Stillman & Birn Beta Series 5.5×8.5 – Premium Portable

PREMIUM PICK
Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover...
Pros
  • Premium heavyweight paper in portable size
  • Handles aggressive wet media
  • Premium sewn binding
  • Double-sized for wet strength
Cons
  • Premium price point
  • Only 28 sheets
  • Alcohol markers may bleed through
Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover...
★★★★★ 4.6

270gsm Extra Heavyweight

5.5x8.5 inches

28 Sheets

Cold Press Surface

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The Stillman & Birn Beta Series in 5.5×8.5 combines professional-grade paper quality with portable convenience. This sketchbook delivers the same 270gsm extra heavyweight paper as its larger sibling, but in a format that travels easily for urban sketching and plein air work.

Reddit artists consistently praise Stillman & Birn for their superior paper quality. The cold press surface handles everything from delicate watercolor glazes to aggressive gouache layers without buckling. The double-sized paper construction provides enhanced wet strength that serious artists appreciate.

Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover Sketchbook, 5.5

The premium U.S. sewn binding ensures the book lays flat after a brief break-in period. Pages don’t wrinkle with heavy water use, and there’s minimal bleed-through for most media. For artists who refuse to compromise on paper quality even when traveling, this is the answer.

Stillman & Birn Beta Series Softcover Sketchbook, 5.5

Best For

Serious artists who need premium paper quality in a travel-friendly format. Watercolor artists, mixed media practitioners, and professionals who sketch on location will appreciate the heavyweight paper that handles demanding techniques.

Considerations

The price per sheet is higher than budget options. Alcohol markers like Copics may bleed through with heavy application. The softcover needs protection during transport if you want to maintain its appearance.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

7. MOFUNY Mixed Media Sketchbook 9×12

GREAT VALUE
Mixed Media Sketchbook 9" x 12" - Multimedia...
Pros
  • Hardcover provides protection
  • 60 sheets offer excellent value
  • Thick paper prevents bleed-through
  • Portable 9x12 size
Cons
  • Paper may warp with heavy water
  • Some marker bleed-through with heavy application
Mixed Media Sketchbook 9" x 12"…
★★★★★ 4.8

98lb/160gsm

9x12 inches

60 Sheets

Hardcover Spiral Bound

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The MOFUNY Mixed Media Sketchbook offers a compelling combination of features at an attractive price point. The hardcover design protects your artwork while the 60 sheets of 98lb/160gsm paper provide plenty of room for creativity. The 9×12 inch size strikes a nice balance between workspace and portability.

I appreciate the sturdy spiral binding that allows 360-degree rotation and keeps the pages laying flat. The slightly textured surface accepts graphite, ink, watercolor, markers, and pastels with confidence. For students and hobbyists, this sketchbook delivers professional features at a budget price.

Mixed Media Sketchbook 9

The acid-free paper prevents color deterioration and fading over time. Many users report this as their go-to sketchbook for daily practice and art classes. The burgundy hardcover adds a touch of elegance that makes it suitable for gifting.

Mixed Media Sketchbook 9

Best For

Students, hobbyists, and artists who want a durable sketchbook with plenty of pages. The hardcover makes it suitable for travel and daily carry. Great for those who work with multiple media types and need versatility.

Considerations

Heavy watercolor application will cause some warping. Alcohol markers may bleed through with heavy application. The paper has a slightly textured surface that may not suit artists who prefer ultra-smooth paper.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

8. Strathmore 400 Series Mixed Media 11×14

LARGE FORMAT
Strathmore 400 Mixed Media 140Lb Pad 11X14
Pros
  • Large format for big artwork
  • Heavier paper than 300 series
  • Glue bound sheets tear out cleanly
  • Works well with inks and acrylics
Cons
  • Only 15 sheets per pad
  • Water may bead on large areas
  • Limited page count
Strathmore 400 Mixed Media 140Lb Pad 11X14
★★★★★ 4.7

80lb Heavyweight

11x14 inches

15 Sheets

Glue Bound

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The Strathmore 400 Series Mixed Media Pad in 11×14 offers a substantial format for artists who need more space. The heavier 80lb paper buckles less with wet media compared to the 300 Series, making it better suited for watercolor, gouache, and acrylic work.

This large format is perfect for finished artwork, studio work, and pieces you might want to frame. The glue binding with flip-over covers keeps sheets in the pad while allowing clean tear-out when needed. The smooth texture works beautifully with pencils, colored pencils, and markers.

Strathmore 462-111 400 Series Mixed Media Pad, 11

Artists consistently praise this pad for its ability to handle multiple layers. Colored pencil work builds up nicely without waxy bloom, and ink applications flow smoothly across the surface. The larger size gives you room to work on detailed compositions.

Strathmore 462-111 400 Series Mixed Media Pad, 11

Best For

Artists working on larger compositions, finished pieces, or studio work. The heavier paper suits those who use wet media more aggressively than the 300 Series allows. Great for artists who frame their work regularly.

Considerations

The 15-sheet count is limited compared to other options. Water may bead when covering large areas quickly. The large format is less portable than smaller sketchbooks.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

9. U.S. Art Supply Mixed Media Sketchbook 2-Pack

BULK VALUE
U.S. Art Supply 5.5"x8.5" Mixed Media...
Pros
  • Two books for excellent value
  • 120 sheets total
  • Acid-free archival quality
  • Micro-perforated pages
Cons
  • Not ideal for heavy watercolor
  • Pages may come loose in rings
  • Lower quality than premium brands
U.S. Art Supply 5.5"x8.5" Mixed Media...
★★★★★ 4.8

98lb/160gsm

5.5x8.5 inches

120 Total Sheets

2 Pack

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The U.S. Art Supply Mixed Media Sketchbook 2-Pack delivers exceptional value with two 60-sheet books for the price of one premium sketchbook. The 98lb/160gsm acid-free paper handles dry media beautifully and works adequately with light wet media applications.

Each book measures 5.5×8.5 inches, making them perfect for travel, art classes, and daily practice. The fine tooth texture works well with graphite, charcoal, and pastels. Micro-perforated pages allow clean removal when you want to display or share your work.

U.S. Art Supply 5.5

For artists who go through sketchbooks quickly, this 2-pack offers an economical solution. The spiral binding allows the pages to lay flat, and the compact size fits easily in bags and backpacks. Many art teachers recommend these for classroom use.

U.S. Art Supply 5.5

Best For

Students, classroom settings, and artists who burn through sketchbooks quickly. The value proposition is hard to beat for daily practice and experimentation. Great for dry media artists who don’t need heavyweight paper.

Considerations

Not recommended for heavy watercolor work as the paper can disintegrate. Pages may come loose from the spiral binding during travel. The quality is good but doesn’t match premium brands like Strathmore or Stillman & Birn.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

10. Moleskine Art Plus Sketchbook

CLASSIC CHOICE
Moleskine Art Plus Sketchbook, Large, Plain,...
Pros
  • Beautiful thick ivory paper
  • Sturdy hardcover for travel
  • Elastic closure and ribbon marker
  • Inner storage pocket
Cons
  • Not suitable for watercolor
  • Alcohol markers bleed through
  • Premium price point
Moleskine Art Plus Sketchbook, Large,…
★★★★★ 4.8

120gsm Ivory Paper

5x8.25 inches

Hardcover

Plain Pages

Check Price
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

The Moleskine Art Plus Sketchbook combines iconic design with quality paper for a premium sketching experience. The thick ivory paper handles fountain pens, India ink, and graphite beautifully with no bleed-through. The smooth yet toothy surface provides excellent feedback for drawing.

This sketchbook excels for dry media work. The 120gsm paper is perfect for ink drawings, graphite sketches, and marker work (except alcohol markers). The sturdy hardcover, elastic closure, ribbon bookmark, and inner pocket make this a favorite among professionals who value both form and function.

POSCA pens work exceptionally well on this paper, and fountain pen users rave about the smooth writing experience. The classic black cover looks professional and ages beautifully. For artists who prioritize portability and aesthetics, this is the gold standard.

Best For

Ink artists, graphite sketchers, and those who appreciate premium design. Perfect for journaling, travel sketching, and professional use. Great for fountain pen enthusiasts and anyone who wants a beautiful, durable sketchbook.

Considerations

Not suitable for watercolor or heavy wet media. Alcohol markers will bleed through multiple pages. The price is higher than most mixed media options, but you’re paying for the Moleskine experience and quality construction.

Check Latest Price on Amazon We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you.

How to Choose the Best Sketchbook for Drawing and Mixed Media

Choosing the right sketchbook depends on several factors including paper weight, binding type, size, and your primary media. Whether you’re shopping for yourself or looking for gifts for painters, understanding these factors helps you make the right choice.

Paper Weight (GSM/LBS)

Paper weight is crucial for mixed media work. Lighter papers (under 100gsm/60lb) work fine for dry media but buckle with wet applications. Medium weight (117-160gsm/70-100lb) handles light watercolor and marker work. Heavyweight paper (200gsm+/120lb+) is best for aggressive wet media techniques.

Binding Types

Spiral binding allows pages to lay flat and is great for reference, but the wires can get in the way. Sewn binding lies flat and looks professional, perfect for finished work. Glue binding is common in pads and allows clean page removal. Hardcover binding protects your work and is ideal for travel.

Size Considerations

Smaller sizes (5.5×8.5 inches) are portable and great for travel or daily carry. Medium sizes (9×12 inches) offer a good balance of workspace and portability. Large formats (11×14 inches and up) are best for studio work and finished pieces you might frame.

Acid-Free Paper

Acid-free paper prevents yellowing and deterioration over time. For artwork you want to preserve, always choose acid-free or archival quality paper. Most quality sketchbooks from reputable brands are acid-free.

Canson vs Strathmore

Both brands offer excellent quality. Canson XL is typically more affordable and great for beginners. Strathmore offers more variety with their 300, 400, and 500 Series lines, allowing you to upgrade as your skills develop. For serious mixed media work, many artists prefer Strathmore’s heavier paper options.

FAQ

What are the best sketchbooks for mixed media?

The best sketchbooks for mixed media feature heavyweight paper (160gsm or higher), acid-free construction, and binding that allows the book to lay flat. Top choices include Stillman & Birn Beta Series for premium quality, Strathmore 300/400 Series for reliable performance, and Canson XL for budget-friendly versatility.

Is Canson or Strathmore better?

Both brands are excellent. Canson XL offers better value for beginners and students with more sheets per pad. Strathmore offers more paper variety with their 300, 400, and 500 Series lines, allowing artists to choose paper weight and texture based on their specific needs. For professional work, many artists prefer Strathmore.

What paper weight is best for mixed media?

For mixed media work, look for paper weighing at least 160gsm (98lb). Lighter papers will buckle with wet media. For heavy watercolor work or aggressive techniques, choose 200gsm+ (120lb+) paper like Stillman & Birn’s 270gsm paper.

Why does paper buckle with watercolor?

Paper buckles when water causes the fibers to expand unevenly. Heavier paper resists buckling better because it has more structural integrity. You can minimize buckling by using less water, taping down edges, or choosing heavyweight paper designed for wet media.

Which sketchbooks work best for markers?

For markers, look for paper thick enough to prevent bleed-through (at least 160gsm). Alcohol markers like Copics may still bleed through, so test first or use a protective sheet. The String & Space sketchbook with 200GSM paper is excellent for markers, while Moleskine works well for water-based markers but not alcohol markers.

Conclusion

After extensive testing, our top recommendation for the best sketchbooks for drawing and mixed media goes to Stillman & Birn Beta Series for its exceptional 270gsm paper quality that handles aggressive wet media techniques. For value-conscious artists, Canson XL Series delivers excellent performance at an affordable price. Budget-minded artists will appreciate the String & Space Sketchbook for its thick 200GSM paper.

Whether you’re a student, professional, or hobbyist, choosing the right sketchbook transforms your creative practice. Consider your primary media, portability needs, and budget when making your selection. For more creative gift ideas, check out our guides for gifts for graphic designers and art enthusiasts in 2026.

Dev Khurana

I’m a tech geek and storyteller from Pune who lives and breathes gaming. My love for titles like Cyberpunk 2077 and Apex Legends fuels my passion for exploring new trends in hardware and digital innovation.
©2026 Of Zen And Computing. All Right Reserved